Kwishishini lokwakha elitshintsha ngokukhawuleza, imfuno yokusebenza kakuhle, ukuchaneka, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweendleko ibangele ukwamkelwa ngokubanzi koomatshini abaphambili. Phakathi kwezinto ezintsha eziphambili eziguqula iindawo zokwakha kwihlabathi liphela kukho izitshizi zesamente ezisebenzayo kakhulu, oomatshini beplasta yesamente eludongeni, kunye noomatshini besamente. Ezi zixhobo zikhethekileyo ziye zaguqula indlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo izinto zokubopha kunye nesamente, zithatha indawo yeendlela ezisebenza ngesandla ezifuna umsebenzi omkhulu ngezisombululo ezizenzekelayo nezisebenza kakhulu. Eli nqaku lijonga kwiimpawu zobugcisa, usetyenziso, iingenelo, iiparameter zokusebenza, kunye neendlela zentengiso zezi zixhobo zibalulekileyo zokwakha, zigxininisa indima yazo ebalulekileyo kwiiprojekthi zokwakha zanamhlanje.
1. Inkcazo kunye nemisebenzi ephambili
Oomatshini bokutshiza bokwakha abasebenza kakuhle kakhulu baquka iintlobo ezintathu eziphambili, nganye yenzelwe izixhobo ezithile kunye nemisebenzi yokwakha. I-mortar sprayer sisixhobo soomatshini esenzelwe ukwenza i-atomize kwaye isasaze i-mortar—umxube wesamente, isanti, namanzi—kwiindawo ezifana neendonga, iisilingi, kunye nezakhiwo zokwakha. Isebenza ngokucinezela i-mortar, iyinyanzela nge-nozzle ukuze yenze umaleko ofanayo, onamathelayo. Umatshini we-plaster we-samente yodonga luhlobo olukhethekileyo olulungiselelwe ukutshiza iindonga ngezinto ezisekwe kwisamente, ukuqinisekisa ukugqitywa okugudileyo, okuthe tyaba okuhlangabezana nemigangatho yokwakha. Ngokungafaniyo ne-plaster yendabuko eyenziwe ngesandla, enokungahambelani, lo matshini unikezela ngobukhulu kunye nobume obuhambelanayo. Umatshini we-concrete sprayer, kwelinye icala, wenzelwe ukuphatha imixube ye-concrete, kubandakanya i-shotcrete (i-concrete sprayer), kwizicelo ezifana ne-tunnel lining, ukuzinza kwe-slope, kunye nokuqinisa ulwakhiwo. I-propage ye-concrete ngesantya esiphezulu, ivumela ukuba inamathele kwiindawo ezithe nkqo okanye eziphezulu ngaphandle kokugoba.
Zonke ezi matshini zintathu zabelana ngeenjongo eziphambili: ukwenza lula inkqubo yokufaka isicelo, ukunciphisa inkunkuma yezinto eziphathekayo, kunye nokuphucula imveliso. Zisusa ubunzima bomsebenzi wezandla, zivumela amaqela okwakha ukuba agqibezele iiprojekthi ngexesha elifutshane ngelixa egcina umgangatho. Nokuba zisetyenziswa kwizakhiwo zokuhlala, kwiindawo zorhwebo, kwiiprojekthi zeziseko zophuhliso, okanye kwizakhiwo zoshishino, ezi matshini ziye zaba yinto efunekayo kwiinkqubo zokwakha zanamhlanje.
2. Iingenelo zobuGcisa kunye noBuchule
Ukusebenza kakuhle kwezi matshini zokutshiza kuvela kuluhlu lwezinto ezintsha zobugcisa kunye neempawu zoyilo. Enye inzuzo ephambili kukutya nokuxuba izinto ngokuzenzekelayo. Iimodeli eziphambili zidibanisa ii-hoppers kunye nee-spiral conveyors okanye iipompo zepiston ezilawula ngokuchanekileyo ukuhamba kwezinto ezomileyo kunye namanzi, ziqinisekisa umxube ofanayo kunye ne-viscosity efanayo. Oku kususa iimpazamo zomntu kwii-mixing ratios, nto leyo ebalulekileyo kumandla kunye nokuqina kwezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo.
Enye inzuzo enkulu kukutshintshatshintsha koxinzelelo lokutshiza kunye nesantya sokuhamba kwamanzi. Abaqhubi banokuzilungisa ezi parameters ngokusekwe kuhlobo lwezinto (i-mortar, i-samente plaster, okanye i-concrete), ubume bomphezulu, kunye nobukhulu obufunekayo. Umzekelo, oomatshini bokutshiza be-concrete badla ngokuba neempompo zoxinzelelo oluphezulu (ukuya kuthi ga kwi-20 MPa) ukuze bavelise imixube enzima ye-concrete kumgama omde, ngelixaizitshizi zesamentesebenzisa uxinzelelo oluphantsi (5-10 MPa) kwiindlela ezibuthathaka ngakumbi. Olu tshintsho luvumela oomatshini ukuba baziqhelanise neemeko ezahlukeneyo zokwakha, ukusuka ekuplasteni okuncinci ukuya ekutshizeni i-concrete etyebileyo.
Ukusebenza kakuhle kuphuculwa ngakumbi kuyilo lwe-ergonomic kunye nokuhambahamba. Uninzi lweemashini zokutshiza zanamhlanje zifakelwa kumavili okanye kwiitrekhi, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukuhambahamba kuzo zonke iindawo zokwakha. Iimodeli ezincinci zifanelekile kwimisebenzi yangaphakathi kwiindawo ezimxinwa, ngelixa iiyunithi ezinkulu, ezifakwe kwitreyila zifanelekile kwiiprojekthi zangaphandle ezifana nokwakhiwa kwebhulorho okanye ukugrunjwa kwemigudu. Ukongeza, ii-nozzles ezikhaphukhaphu ezinee-engile ezihlengahlengiswayo zinciphisa ukudinwa komqhubi, zivumela ixesha elide lokusetyenziswa ngaphandle kokubeka emngciphekweni ukusebenza.
Ukunciphisa inkunkuma yezinto ezibonakalayo yinzuzo ebalulekileyo kwindalo esingqongileyo nakwezoqoqosho. Ukusetyenziswa ngesandla kudla ngokubangela inkunkuma yezinto ezibonakalayo engama-20-30% ngenxa yokuvuza, ukuchitheka, kunye nokugqunywa okungalinganiyo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, oomatshini bokutshiza abasebenza kakuhle bafumana amazinga enkunkuma aphantsi njenge-5-10% ngokuhambisa isitshizi esilawulwayo nesijoliswe kuso. Oku akunciphisi nje kuphela iindleko zezinto ezibonakalayo kodwa kukwanciphisa nempembelelo kwindalo esingqongileyo yemisebenzi yokwakha.
3. Izicelo kuzo zonke iiCandelo zoKwakha
Ezi matshini zokutshiza zifumana ukusetyenziswa kwiiprojekthi ezahlukeneyo zokwakha, eziquka amacandelo eendawo zokuhlala, ezorhwebo, eziseko zophuhliso, kunye nemizi-mveliso. Kulwakhiwo lweendawo zokuhlala, izitshizi zesamente kunye noomatshini besamente yokutshiza isamente eludongeni zisetyenziselwa ukuplasta udonga ngaphakathi nangaphandle, ukugqiba isilingi, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwetayile yokuncamathelisa. Zivumela ukugquma okukhawulezayo, okufanayo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba iindonga zigudile kwaye zilungele ukupeyintwa okanye ukuthayilwa ngexesha elincinci kunexesha elifunekayo lomsebenzi wezandla. Umzekelo, umntu omnye osebenzisa isitshizi sesamente unokuplasta ukuya kuthi ga kwi-100 square metres ngeyure, xa kuthelekiswa ne-10-15 square metres kuphela ngeendlela ezenziwe ngesandla.
Kwizakhiwo zorhwebo neziphakamileyo, oomatshini bokutshiza bekhonkrithi badlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqiniseni ulwakhiwo. I-Shotcrete, esetyenziswa ngaba matshini, isetyenziselwa ii-floor slabs, iikholamu, kunye neendonga zokucheba, inika amandla aphezulu kunye nokuseta ngokukhawuleza. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu kulwakhiwo oluphezulu, apho imida yexesha incinci kwaye ukuqina kolwakhiwo kubaluleke kakhulu. Ukongeza, oomatshini bokutshiza besamente eludongeni basetyenziselwa ukugqiba iindawo ezinkulu zangaphakathi ezifana neevenkile ezinkulu, iiofisi, kunye neehotele, ukuqinisekisa umgangatho ohambelanayo kwiindawo ezinkulu.
Iiprojekthi zeziseko zophuhliso ezifana neendlela, iibhulorho, iitonela, kunye namadama zixhomekeke kakhulu kwiimashini zokutshiza zekhonkrithi. Umzekelo, udonga lwetonela lufuna ukusetyenziswa ngokukhawuleza kwe-shotcrete ukuzinzisa imiphezulu yamatye nokuthintela ukudilika ngexesha lokumba. Iimashini zokutshiza zekhonkrithi zinokusebenzisa i-shotcrete ngesantya esiphezulu (ukuya kuthi ga kwi-5 cubic metres ngeyure) nakwimigama emide (ukuya kuthi ga kwi-30 metres), nto leyo eyenza ukuba zibe zilungele olu setyenziso lunzima. Ngokufanayo, iiprojekthi zokuzinzisa iithambeka zisebenzisa ezi mashini ukufaka ikhonkrithi okanye udaka kwiindawo ezinde, ukuthintela ukukhukuliseka nokuqinisekisa uzinzo lwesakhiwo.
Kwicandelo lemizi-mveliso, aba matshini basetyenziselwa izicelo ezikhethekileyo ezifana nokufakelwa kwelayini enganyangekiyo kwimizi-mveliso, kwiindawo zokugcina impahla, nakwizitishi zamandla. Izitshizi zesamente zifaka i-mortar engatshisi ubushushu kwii-oven nakwii-oven, ngelixa oomatshini bokutshiza bekhonkrithi beqinisa izakhiwo zoshishino ezifana nee-silos kunye neetanki zokugcina. Ukukwazi kwabo ukuphatha izixhobo zobushushu obuphezulu kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu kubenza babe yimfuneko ekwakheni nasekugcinweni kwemizi-mveliso.
4. Iiparameters zoKusebenza eziPhambili kunye neekhrayitheriya zoKhetho
Xa ukhetha umatshini wokutshiza osebenza kakuhle, kufuneka kuqwalaselwe iiparameter ezininzi zokusebenza ukuqinisekisa ukuba uyahlangabezana neemfuno ezithile zeprojekthi. Umthamo wokutshiza (olinganiswa ngeemitha zesikwere ngeyure kwiimashini zokuplasta okanye iimitha zetyhubhu ngeyure kwiimashini zekhonkrithi) yinto ebalulekileyo, njengoko imisela imveliso yomatshini. Kwiiprojekthi ezinkulu, umatshini onomthamo ophezulu wokutshiza ubalulekile ukuze kuhlangatyezwane nemihla ebekiweyo, ngelixa iiprojekthi ezincinci zinokufuna iyunithi encinci, enomthamo omncinci.
Ukuhambelana kwezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo yenye imilinganiselo ebalulekileyo. Oomatshini abahlukeneyo benzelwe ukuphatha izinto ezithile: ii-mortar sprayers zisebenza ngee-mortars ezicolekileyo kunye nee-plaster, ngelixa oomatshini be-concrete spray banokuthwala ii-aggregates ezirhabaxa (ukuya kuthi ga kwi-10 mm ububanzi). Kubalulekile ukukhetha umatshini ohambelana nezinto ezisetyenziswayo ukuthintela ukuvaleka, ukutshiza okungalinganiyo, okanye ukusebenza okunciphileyo.
Uxinzelelo kunye nesantya sokuhamba kwamanzi zichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo amandla omatshini okusebenzisa izinto ngokufanelekileyo. Uxinzelelo oluphezulu luyafuneka kwizinto ezixineneyo okanye ukutshiza umgama omde, ngelixa uxinzelelo oluphantsi lufanelekile kwiileya ezincinci okanye kwiindawo ezibuthathaka. Abaqhubi kufuneka baqwalasele nomthombo wamandla womatshini—umbane, idizili, okanye umoya—ngokusekwe kwindawo yeprojekthi kunye nokufumaneka kwamandla. Iimodeli zombane zilungele umsebenzi wangaphakathi, ngelixa oomatshini abasebenza ngedizili benika ukuhambahamba okukhulu kwiiprojekthi zangaphandle.
Imfuneko yokuqina nokugcinwa kwayo zezona zinto zibalulekileyo ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe. Oomatshini bokutshiza abasemgangathweni ophezulu bakhiwe ngezinto ezingagugiyo ezifana nentsimbi eqinileyo okanye i-polyurethane, nto leyo eqinisekisa ukuba ihlala ixesha elide nokuba kukwiindawo ezinzima zokwakha. Ukufikelela lula kwizinto zokucoca nokugcinwa kwayo kunciphisa ixesha lokungasebenzi, nto leyo egcina umatshini usebenza ixesha elide. Ukongeza, abavelisi abanikezela ngenkonzo ethembekileyo emva kokuthengisa kunye nokufumaneka kwezixhobo ezingasetyenziswayo bayathandwa, njengoko oku kuqinisekisa inkxaso ekhawulezileyo xa kukho umonakalo.
5. Iindlela zeMarike kunye noPhuhliso lwexesha elizayo
Imarike yehlabathi yoomatshini bokutshiza abasebenzisa izixhobo zokwakha abasebenza kakuhle ikhula ngokuqhubekayo, iqhutywa kukwanda kwemisebenzi yokwakha, ukukhula kwabantu ezidolophini, kunye nesidingo setekhnoloji yokonga abasebenzi. Ngokweengxelo zoshishino, ubungakanani bemarike kulindeleke ukuba bufikelele kwi-USD 3.2 yeebhiliyoni ngo-2028, kunye nezinga lokukhula lonyaka elihlanganisiweyo (CAGR) le-6.8% ukusuka ngo-2023 ukuya ku-2028. I-Asia-Pacific yeyona marike inkulu, ekhuthazwa kukukhula kwabantu ezidolophini ngokukhawuleza kumazwe afana neTshayina, iIndiya, kunye namazwe aseMzantsi-mpuma Asia, ngelixa uMntla Melika neYurophu zibona ukukhula ngenxa yokuhlaziywa kweziseko zophuhliso kunye namanyathelo okwakha azinzileyo.
Enye indlela ephambili kwimarike kukudibanisa ubuchwepheshe obukrelekrele kwiimashini zokutshiza. Iimodeli zanamhlanje zixhotyiswe ngee-sensors, uqhagamshelo lwe-IoT (i-Intanethi yezinto), kunye neepaneli zolawulo zedijithali ezivumela abaqhubi ukuba bajonge kwaye balungise ukusebenza ngexesha langempela. Umzekelo, ii-sensors zinokubona amanqanaba ezinto kwi-hopper, zilumkise abaqhubi xa kufuneka ukuzalisa kwakhona, ngelixa uqhagamshelo lwe-IoT luvumela ukujonga ukusebenza komatshini kude, iishedyuli zokugcinwa, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwepetroli. Le ndlela iqhutywa yidatha iphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwaye inciphisa umngcipheko wexesha lokungasebenzi.
Enye indlela entsha kukuphuhliswa kweemodeli ezinobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo nezonga umbane. Abavelisi bagxile ekunciphiseni ukusetyenziswa kwamandla koomatshini bokutshiza ngokuphucula uyilo lwepompo, besebenzisa iimoto zombane endaweni yeenjini zedizili, kwaye bafake iinkqubo zokubuyisa umbane. Ukongeza, iimodeli ezinokukhupha umbane omncinci ziyaziswa ukuze zithobele imithetho engqongqo yokusingqongileyo kwimimandla efana neYurophu noMntla Melika. Ezi mpawu zinobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo azinciphisi nje kuphela umngcipheko wekhabhoni kwiiprojekthi zokwakha kodwa zikwanciphisa neendleko zokusebenza kubakhi.
Ikamva loomatshini bokutshiza abakha ngokusebenza kakuhle liza kubona inkqubela phambili kwi-automation kunye ne-robotics. Iirobhothi zokutshiza ezizimeleyo, ezikhokelwa yi-AI (Artificial Intelligence) kunye nombono womatshini, ziyaphuhliswa ukuze zihambe ngokuzimeleyo kwiindawo zokwakha, zichonge iindawo, kwaye zisebenzise izixhobo ngokuchanekileyo. Ezi robhothi zinamandla okuphelisa imfuneko yabantu abasebenza kwiindawo ezinobungozi, njengezakhiwo eziphakamileyo okanye iitonela, ngelixa ziphucula ngakumbi imveliso kunye nomgangatho.
6. Izikhokelo zoKhuseleko kunye nokuSebenza
Nangona oomatshini bokutshiza abasebenza kakuhle kakhulu benika iingenelo ezininzi, ukusebenza ngokukhuselekileyo kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthintela iingozi nokuqinisekisa impilo-ntle yabasebenzi. Abaqhubi kufuneka bafumane uqeqesho olufanelekileyo malunga nokusebenza komatshini, ukugcinwa, kunye neenkqubo zokhuseleko ngaphambi kokusebenzisa izixhobo. Izikhokelo eziphambili zokhuseleko ziquka ukunxiba izixhobo zokuzikhusela (PPE) ezifana neeglasi, iiglavu, iimaski, kunye nezihlangu zokhuseleko ukukhusela ekutshizweni kwezinto kunye nokuphefumla uthuli.
Ngaphambi kokuba usebenze, uhlolo olucokisekileyo lomatshini lubalulekile. Oku kuquka ukujonga ukuvuza kwiipayipi kunye nemibhobho, ukuqinisekisa ukuba zonke izinto zibotshelelwe kakuhle, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba umthombo wamandla usebenza ngokuchanekileyo. Abaqhubi kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba indawo yokusebenza ayinazo izithintelo kwaye abantu ababukeleyo bagcinwa kumgama okhuselekileyo ukuze baphephe ukwenzakala ngenxa yokungcola okubhabhayo.
Ngexesha lokusebenza, abaqhubi kufuneka balandele izicwangciso zoxinzelelo kunye nesantya sokuhamba ezicetyiswa ngumvelisi ukuthintela ukuxinana komatshini okanye ukubuyiselwa komoya. Kubalulekile ukugcina umgama ohambelanayo phakathi kwempumlo nomphezulu (ngesiqhelo yi-30-50 cm) ukuqinisekisa ukugquma okufanayo. Ukongeza, umatshini akufuneki ushiywe ungajongwanga ngelixa usebenza, kwaye naziphi na iingxaki kufuneka zilungiswe ngoko nangoko ngokucima umbane kwaye uqhagamshelane nochwepheshe oqeqeshiweyo.
Emva kokusetyenziswa, ukucoca nokulungisa ngokufanelekileyo kubalulekile ukuze kwandiswe ixesha lokuphila komatshini. Oku kuquka ukuhlamba i-hopper, iipayipi, kunye ne-nozzle ngamanzi ukuze kususwe naziphi na izinto eziseleyo, ukuthambisa iindawo ezihambayo, kunye nokugcina umatshini kwindawo eyomileyo nekhuselekileyo. Ukuhlolwa rhoqo kokugcinwa, okufana nokuhlola iindawo ezigugileyo (umz., ii-nozzle, izitywini, kunye neempompo) kunye nokuzitshintsha njengoko kufuneka, kuya kuqinisekisa ukuba umatshini uyaqhubeka nokusebenza kakuhle.
Isiphelo
Izitshizi zesamente ezisebenza kakuhle kakhulu, oomatshini beplasta yesamente eludongeni, kunye noomatshini bokutshiza ikonkrithi ziye zaba zizixhobo ezibalulekileyo kushishino lokwakha lwanamhlanje. Ubuchule babo bobuchwephesha, kubandakanya ukuxuba okuzenzakalelayo, useto loxinzelelo oluhlengahlengiswayo, kunye nokuhambahamba, kutshintshe indlela esetyenziswa ngayo izinto zokubopha kunye nekonkrithi, nto leyo enika uphuculo olukhulu kwimveliso, umgangatho, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweendleko. Ukususela kwizakhiwo zokuhlala ukuya kwiiprojekthi ezinkulu zeziseko zophuhliso, aba matshini badlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuhlangabezaneni neemfuno zokwakha ezikhawulezayo nezisemgangathweni ophezulu.
Njengoko ishishini lokwakha liqhubeka litshintsha, kulindeleke ukuba imakethi yale mishini yokutshiza ikhule, iqhutywa kukukhula kwezixeko, uphuhliso lweziseko, kunye nokwamkelwa kobuchwepheshe obukrelekrele nobunobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo. Uphuhliso oluzayo kwi-automation, iirobhothi, kunye ne-IoT luya kuphucula ukusebenza kwazo, luzenze zisebenze kakuhle, zikhuseleke, kwaye zibe nobuchule obuguquguqukayo. Kwabakhi kunye neenkampani zokwakha, ukutyala imali kwimishini yokutshiza esebenza kakuhle ayisosigqibo esingabizi kakhulu kuphela kodwa ikwalinyathelo elicwangcisiweyo lokuhlala ukhuphisana kushishino olufuna kakhulu. Ngokwamkela obu buchwepheshe buphambili, icandelo lokwakha linokufezekisa imveliso enkulu, linciphise impembelelo yokusingqongileyo, kwaye lakhe izakhiwo ezikhuselekileyo nezihlala ixesha elide kwixesha elizayo.
Ixesha leposi: Novemba-14-2025